關(guān)系代詞：
用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。它代表先行詞，同時(shí)在從句中作一定的句子成分。
關(guān)系代詞有主格，賓格和屬格之分，并有指人與指物之分，它在先行詞和定語(yǔ)之間起紐帶作用。
主要的關(guān)系代詞有who,whom,whose,which和that。
①who指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)；
whom指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)；
whose在定語(yǔ) 從句中作定語(yǔ)，其先行詞既可以是人也可以是物。
例如：The teacher who/whom you want to see has come.
�、趙hich指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。
例如：Here is the coat which will be made to you.
�、踭hat多指物，有時(shí)也指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。
例如：I have eaten bread that/which he gave to me.
關(guān)系代詞的基本用法：
�。�1）引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系代詞代表先行詞，同時(shí)在從句中作一定的句子成分，例如：
The girl whom I spoke to is my cousin. 跟我講話(huà)的姑娘是我表妹。
�。ㄔ摼渲衱hom既代表先行詞the girl，又在從句中作介詞to的賓語(yǔ)。）
This is the pencil whose point is broken.這就是那個(gè)折了尖的鉛筆。
(whose 指物，在限定性定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ))
He came back for the book which he had forgotten.他重新回來(lái)都忘記了他的那本書(shū)。
�。╳hich指物，在限定性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)，可以省略）
�。�2）which為其先行詞。例如：
He said he saw me there, which was a lie.他說(shuō)在那兒看到了我，純屬謊言。
�。�3）其他用法
關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略， 例如：
I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.我過(guò)去懂拉丁語(yǔ)，現(xiàn)在大都忘了。
He's changed. He's not the man he was.他變化很大，已不是過(guò)去的他了。
注釋?zhuān)宏P(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略，that在從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)也可省略。
非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，不能用that作關(guān)系代詞。
關(guān)系代詞的語(yǔ)法注意:
1.常用that 不用which的情況:
�、傧刃性~為all, anything, everything, nothing, something等時(shí)。
I will do all (that) I can to help you.
�、谙刃性~被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或the only, the very等所修飾時(shí)。
He was the only person that joined the army in his village that year.
�、巯刃性~既有人,又有物時(shí)
They talked about the people and the things (that)they remembered in the school.
④當(dāng)主句是以who 或which開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句時(shí), 定語(yǔ)從句用that 引導(dǎo), 以避免重復(fù)。
Who is the boy that was here just now?
2. 若被修飾的名詞充當(dāng)從句介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)
介詞可提前于引導(dǎo)詞之前,此時(shí)的引導(dǎo)詞只能用whom 或which.
The pencil with which he was writing broke.
3. 當(dāng)先行詞為way時(shí)
其后的定語(yǔ)從句用in which或 that引導(dǎo),也可不用引導(dǎo)詞。
I don’t like the way (in which/that) he talks to me.
used to/be used to的分別：
①u(mài)sed to + do："過(guò)去常常"表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。
Mother used not to be so forgetful.
②be used to + doing： 對(duì)……已感到習(xí)慣，或"習(xí)慣于"，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。
Scarf is used to taking a walk.(現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣于散步)
�、踰sed to 的用法 （否定式簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)為usedn't） 過(guò)去經(jīng)常，以前常常
This used to be a shabby house. （此房年久失修）
used to,would這兩個(gè)詞語(yǔ)都可以表示過(guò)去常做某事，有時(shí)可以換用。
used to do 強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的行為或狀態(tài)，但是現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有這種行為或狀態(tài)了。因此，這個(gè)短語(yǔ)的內(nèi)涵是今昔對(duì)比。
關(guān)系代詞的用法:
一、不用that的情況
在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí) (錯(cuò))The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
介詞后不能用We depend on the land from which we get our food.
二、只能用that作為定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況
a.在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
b.在不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時(shí)，只用that，不用which。
c.先行詞有the only, the very.（恰恰，正好）.any. few. little. no. all 修飾時(shí)，只用that。
d.先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)，只用that。
e.先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí)。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察。
三、不能用關(guān)系代詞Which 的幾種情況
1.當(dāng)先行詞為all, little, much, few, everything, none 等不定代詞時(shí)關(guān)系代詞用that而不用which.
There are few books that you can read in this book store.
2.當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that, 不用which.
He asked about the factories and workers that he had visited.
3.當(dāng)先行詞有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that, 而不用which.
Guilin is one of the most beautiful cities that I have ever visited.
4.當(dāng)先行詞有序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that, 不用which.
The first sight that was caught at the Great Wall has made a lasting impression on him.
5.當(dāng)先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the right等修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that,不用which.
It is the only book that he bought himself.
6.當(dāng)先行詞被all, every, any, much, little, few, no等修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that,不用which.
There is no clothes that fit you here.
7.當(dāng)主句是以which開(kāi)頭的特殊問(wèn)句時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞一般用that而不用which.
Which of the books that had pictures was worth reading?
8.在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型" It is ... that ..." 中,只用that,不用which.
It is in this room that he was born twenty years ago.
9.在" such (the same) ... as ..." 句型中,關(guān)系代詞要用as, 而不用which.
We need such materials as (not which) can bear high temperature.
10.表示" 正如... 那樣 "，" 正象..." 之意時(shí)，用as, 不用which.
Mary was late again, as had been expected.
11.As 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可以放在主句前面，也可以放在主句后面或主句中間，而由 which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句后面。
As we all know, oceans cover more than 70% of the earth.
關(guān)系代詞可以省略的情況:
1.關(guān)系代詞which,whom,who,that在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略。
Here is the man (who/that/whom)you're been looking for.
2.當(dāng)that在從句中作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略。
She is all (that) a teacher should be.
3.在there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中出現(xiàn)定語(yǔ)從句，或在定語(yǔ)從句中出現(xiàn)there be 時(shí)，用作主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞也可省略。
This is the best dictionary (that) there is in the library.
4.狀語(yǔ)的省略
�。�1）當(dāng)先行詞是reason，而且定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可用why,that,也可以省略。
That is the reason (why) I did it.
�。�2）當(dāng)先行詞是way,且在定語(yǔ)從句中作方式狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可用in which,that,也可以省略。
I don't know the way that/ which leads to the top of the mountains.
�。�3）當(dāng)先行詞是time時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可用when,that 或省略。
I don't know the exact time (when/that) the sports meet will take place.
注意：關(guān)系代詞作賓語(yǔ)有時(shí)也不能省略。
關(guān)系代詞不能省略情況：
1.在介詞+whom與介詞+which中，whom,which不能省略。
That is the headmaster with whom my father was talking just now.
2.在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞也不能省略。
The elephant is like a spear,as anybody can see.
3.在the same ...as,such...as,as...as,the same...that中，as,that即使作賓語(yǔ)，也不能省略I have bought the same bicycle as you have (bought). (指同類(lèi)用as)
This is the same book that I read the day before yesterday. (that指同一個(gè))
4.當(dāng)由and,but,or等連詞連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的定語(yǔ)從句修飾一個(gè)先行詞時(shí)，第一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞可省，但第二，第三個(gè)不可省略。
This is the book (which) I read yesterday and which I find very interesting.
關(guān)系代詞格式：
關(guān)系代詞有主格，賓格和屬格之分，并有指人與指物之分。that的用法最廣，that可指人也可指物。
見(jiàn)表：
特殊關(guān)系代詞的用法：
關(guān)系詞通常是用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的,但as,than和but這三個(gè)詞卻與which, who, that, where, when和why等典型的關(guān)系詞不同。
三者本身具有常見(jiàn)的字面意義,前面有名詞作先行詞,但后面的定語(yǔ)從句卻不像典型的定語(yǔ)從句。
這些既像連接詞又像關(guān)系詞的詞,我們就姑且稱(chēng)它們?yōu)闇?zhǔn)關(guān)系詞。
一、 as作為準(zhǔn)關(guān)系代詞出現(xiàn)在the same ... as, such ... as, 和as ... as等結(jié)構(gòu)中。
這時(shí), as前面通常要有名詞;
as后面的從句意義上不像是通常的定語(yǔ)從句;
as需要在從句中充當(dāng)一定的句子成分。
1. the same ... as
1) as在從句中作主語(yǔ)
She is the same person as came here last Sunday. 她就是上星期天來(lái)這兒的那個(gè)人。
2) as在從句中作賓語(yǔ)
This is the same watch as I lost while I was doing the sightseeing in Shanghai three months ago. 這塊表跟我三個(gè)月前在上海觀光時(shí)丟失的那塊一樣。
3) as在從句中作be動(dòng)詞的表語(yǔ)
China is not the same country as it used to be. 中國(guó)已今非昔比。
4) as在從句中作行為方式狀語(yǔ)
You should learn to do housework in the same way as your mother does it. 你應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)像你母親那樣做家務(wù)活。
2. such ... as
1) as在從句中作主語(yǔ)
Let children read such books as tend to make them better and brighter. 讓孩子看那些容易讓他們變得更好更聰明的書(shū)。
2) as在從句中作賓語(yǔ)
This is not such an interesting book as you just talked about. 這不是你們剛才談到的那種有趣的書(shū)。
3) as在從句中作be動(dòng)詞的表語(yǔ)
Such a bad man as he is will be punished. 像他這樣的壞人一定會(huì)受到懲罰。
3. as ... as
1) 第二個(gè)as在從句中作主語(yǔ)
He has as much money as is required. 他要多少錢(qián)就有多少錢(qián)。
2) 第二個(gè)as在從句中作賓語(yǔ)
I have as many friends as you (do). 我的朋友和你的朋友一樣多。
3) 第二個(gè)as在從句中作be動(dòng)詞的表語(yǔ)
As is known to all, Taiwan is one of the Chinese provinces。眾所周知,臺(tái)灣是中國(guó)的一個(gè)省。
二、than作為準(zhǔn)關(guān)系詞 出現(xiàn)在more ... than, less ... than, fewer ... than等結(jié)構(gòu)中。這時(shí), than前面要有名詞; than本身有比較意義,而且需要在從句中充當(dāng)一定的句子成分。
1. than在從句中作主語(yǔ)
Take it easy, I have more money than is needed. 放心，我的錢(qián)比所需要的還要多。
2. than在從句中作賓語(yǔ)
I have more/fewer books than you (do). 我的書(shū)比你的多/少。
3. than在從句中作be動(dòng)詞的表語(yǔ)
He is a better boy than you (are). 他是一個(gè)比你更好的男孩。
三、but作為準(zhǔn)關(guān)系詞 本身含有否定意義,它前面的主句還有另一個(gè)否定意義。這時(shí)but在意義上相當(dāng)于“who ... not ...”或“which/that ... not ...”。
1.定語(yǔ)從句中有be動(dòng)詞,并將其改為含but的復(fù)合句時(shí), be動(dòng)詞后面不能再有not
There is no one who is not conccrned about his future. (= There is no one but is concerned about his future.) 沒(méi)有人不關(guān)心自己的未來(lái)?
2. 定語(yǔ)從句中有can, will, shall, must, may, should, ought to等助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,在將其改為含but的復(fù)合句時(shí),這些助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面不能再有not
There is nothing that she can’t do. (= There is nothing but she can do.) 沒(méi)有她做不到的事?
3. 定語(yǔ)從句中有助動(dòng)詞do, does, did, 在將其改為含but的復(fù)合句時(shí),應(yīng)去掉do, does, did, 還原其后動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)及人稱(chēng)變化
There is no one who doesn’t wish to make great achievements. (= There is no one but wishes to make great achievements.) 誰(shuí)都希望自己將來(lái)能有所成就。
四、which的先行詞：關(guān)系代詞which的先行詞可以是一個(gè)句子
He said he saw me there, which was a lie。他說(shuō)在那兒看到了我，純屬謊言。
說(shuō)明：關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略
I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew。 我過(guò)去懂拉丁語(yǔ)，現(xiàn)在大都忘了。